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商务英语翻译讲义

2021-02-19 来源:伴沃教育
第一章 翻译知识

翻译:两种不同语言的转换

把一种文字语言的意义用另一种语言文字表达出来。 The definition of translation:

A translation should give a transcript(手稿) of the ideas of the original work. The style(文体) and manner(手法) of writing should be of the same character as that of the original. A translation should have all these of the original composition. 翻译的总结P3

翻译需要忠于原文,语句通顺,易于理解 翻译的标准(criteria): 严复于1898年提出 信faithful(真实)

达expressive (通顺) 要符合译入语的文化习俗译入语受众的可接受性 雅elegant(文字优美)

在翻译商务信件时,根据文中的不同,翻译语要准确(accuracy)简练(conciseness) 翻译要根据格调、内容,翻译无固定标准,随文体而发生变化。

商务翻译涉足的领域:贸易、经济、财政、工业、网络、社会文化(社会风俗、人际关系) 翻译的方法

直译:基本保持原文的语言形式的同时完整而准确地把意思表现出来,且译文流畅。 e.g. red banner(红旗)

upon the entering of 21 century(进入21世纪)

意译:为完整而准确地把意思表达出来,抛弃原文的语言形式,按照译入语的习惯重新遣词造句。 e.g. A business guru offers ways to stand out in the workplace.

商务专家给支招告诉人们如何在工作场所出人头地。

直译和意译相结合,使句子表达完整

音译:地名,人名,厂家名称 翻译工作的基本要求:

1. 通晓两种语言(设计文化习俗) 圣经、古希腊雅典神话 2. 良好的语言功底 3. 表达叙述能力强 4. 文化专业知识丰富

5. 具有良好的道德素养:把握自身定位,忠实履行信息转换和转化,不能歪曲事实。 6. 认真严谨的工作态度 虚心求教,资料丰富 7. 高度的责任感 口译(interpreter)

1. 良好的行为规范(礼仪、着装与场合) 2. 较好的语言面貌

3. 能够速记五分钟讲话内容

中国翻译的高潮: (9.13)

1. 东汉—唐宋 佛经 玄奘(精通梵文,汉语造诣很精深)/ 真谛(天竺人) 梵语(印度语) —我国佛教三大翻译家:玄奘,鸠摩罗什,真谛

2. 清末明初 西学翻译(西欧各国的科学、文学和哲学)

明末科学家徐光启、西方耶稣会的传教士

3. 鸦片战争到五四运动(第二次西学翻译)科学救国 4. 改革开放之后(规模最大)

第二章 商务英语和商务英语翻译 商务英语的表达正式严谨。

—Business English is not a special language with a special grammar, it’s simply English used in business situation. 语言特点:

1) 文体多元化

2) 实用性 客观写实

(1)文本资料要与商务背景知识有关 (2)目的明确

(1) 以需求分析为基础

(2) 具有时间上的压力(时效性强)受空间的限制;着重忠实和效力;用词严谨;主要目

的注重客观现实,具备系统化的语言表达(交流信息)

3) 词汇的再生能力强

free goods避税货物 free trial 免费试用 free loans无息贷款 short delivery缺货,货物短缺 free on board FOB离岸价格 short weight短重 free time免费试用期 short sales卖空交易 4) 行业术语多

Force Majeure不可抗力 joint venture合资企业 target market目标市场 trade surplus贸易顺差 balance sheet资产负债表 5) 缩略语多

WTO,UN,ICC国际商会,R&D,CWO(Cash With Order) 6) 套话多

(公司) Located in QD, specializes in Garment Export and Import.

Further to our conversation on the phone tomorrow, I‟d like to…继我们昨日的电话谈话, 7) ABCs: Accurate, Brief, Concrete, Clear, Courteous(礼貌) Computer Sound Card Interspace电脑声卡接口

Size(规格) 12 Volt D.C@直流电(电压) Supplies适用电压 Amp安培 Module变压器 8) 广告语

The choice is yours, the honor is ours.选择在于你们,荣耀属于我们。 9) 其他

This offer is valid by the end of March,2008.此报盘有效期截止到08年3月底。 natural ingredients天然成分

artificial additives人工添加剂 utilize(contract)用于正式场合

Exercise:

1. The New York Authority stipulates that barium carbonate should be packaged in fiber drums instead of in bags. The leakage was attributed to your failure to effect shipment according to the packing terms as stipulated in the contract.

纽约港务局明确规定,碳酸钡应用纤维制桶包装,而不用袋子。渗漏是由于贵方未按照合同规定包装要求发货所致。

2. Check for a “ditch or smile” around the coin on the sides. A “smile” in the path of the scoreline will produce leakers.

检查一下商品的铆合区有没有凹凸不平的地方,铆合区的痕突出的地方就可能产生渗漏。

第三章 翻译的技巧和方法 1.増译法

在翻译时,在译文中增加原文中有其意而无其形的词语。

处于词汇、语法或修辞上的需要,目的是使译文语法结构、表达方式、修饰语气以及文化思想和思维方式既保持“洋人”特色,又符合汉语的表达习惯。

加词的情况

(1) 英语名词的复数形式

(2) 还原英语中关系代词所代表的名词

(3) 英语动词讲就时态,汉语没有时态上的变化(汉语的表达常用虚词,如着、了、一直、

在、那天、当时)

(4) 增添英语中省略的词

(5) 为使句子表达清晰自然(增加动词、形容词、名词、连词、副词、语气词、范畴词、概括词) (6) 补充说明文化背景方面的内容

1. The powers of Europe were content to leave the last negotiations to England and Germany who could be trusted to enforce it.

欧洲的诸强国很乐意与英国和德国做最后的谈判,原因在于他们确信与这两国谈判,必能达成协议。

2. The US economy ramped up to 3.4% growth rate in the second quarter. 第二季度美国经济增长率上升了3.4%。

3. Cargo insurance is to protect the traders from loses that many dangers may cause. 货物保险会使贸易商免受许多风险所可能造成的众多损失。

4. Another factor behind the increase in merger activity is the record performance of stock markets,

which has enabled companies to finance major acquisitions on the strength of their inflated share price.

导致合并不断增加的另一个原因是股票市场的空前繁荣,促使多家公司可以依赖上涨股票的价格去资助各种大型规模的兼并。

Expressions:

short-time working短期开工 short bill 短期汇票<10天 short-handed人手不够 short loading短装

short delivery货物短缺 near-sightness近视

environmental lobby环保人士 Exercise:

1. The environmental lobby has been arguing for a reduction in the use of cars.

环保人士一直要求减少使用汽车。

in possession of a good fortune/ in want of 2. They are selling off last year‟s stock at half price.

他们正在半价抛售去年的股票。

3. Good economic indications caused the share index to gain by 10 points.

良好的经济形势使股票指数上涨了10个百分点。

4. The recent downward spiral of home prices has depressed the market.

近期房价下滑抑制了市场

5. His financial problems escalated after he became unemployed. 在他失业以后,经济上的状况恶化了。

6. The introduction of a national lottery will help shrink the budget deficit.

实施国家彩票有助于缩减财政预算赤字。

7. A fall in interest rates may undermine sterling(英镑).

利率的下跌可能削弱了英镑的地位。

2省译法

省略原文中的自然的,不可缺少的,但译文中又显多余的词汇,目的是更忠实、通顺地表达原文的意思。

(1) 顾及词类的使用习惯 (2) 避免累赘

(3) 顾及译入语习惯

任何词类在翻译成汉语时都可以省略。

但省略一定要依据具体的上下文并遵循译入语的表达习惯

e.g. 1.The development of productive power of society alone forms the real basis of a higher form of

productive powers of society.

单凭社会生产能力的发展这一点,就能为社会生产力的更高形式打下基础。 2. If winter comes, can spring be far behind. 冬天来了,春天还会远吗?

3. Mineral oil is refined into petrol to drive internal combustion engine. To it we owe the

existence of the motor-car, which has replaced the private carriage drawn by the horse.

矿物油提炼成汽油来驱动内燃机。就是有了这种油,我们才能用上汽车,以代替私人马车。

3.重复法

重复和增加同一个词

译者必须根据不同的文体,不同的上下文灵活掌握。 采用汉语重复表达有三种情况:

(1) 省略:省略的成分补充完整重复翻译出来 (2) 代词:还原代词所代替的名词,进行重复表达 (3) 同义词

E.g.1.Reading exercises one‟s eyes; speaking, one‟s tongue; while writing, one‟s mind.

读书能训练人的眼睛;说话训练人的口齿;写作训练人的思维。

2. Marketing economy is itself the product of long course of development, of a series of revolution in the modes of production and of exchange.

市场经济本身就是一个长期发展过程的产物,是生产方式和交换方式的一系列变革的产物。 3. Marketing is pervasive social activity (that) goes considerably beyond the selling of toothpaste, soap and steel.

营销是一种无处不在的社会活动,这种活动远不止是牙膏、肥皂及钢铁的销售活动。

4. A more realistic approach toward international specialization is that of comparative advantages. This concept says that a nation has comparative advantage in an item it can produce it more efficiently than alternative products.

参与国际分工的一个更现实的做法是采取比较优势的做法。比较优势是指一个国家生产的某种产品比生产其他产品的生产率高,那么它就具有生产该商品的比较优势。(增词、重复) Supplementary: 反之亦然 vice versa 电视机

the television set; the TV; telly; the tube; the goggle-box; the idiot box 威胁困扰

beset (to affect sb. in an unpleasant way)

procure ( to obtain sth with difficulty)设法获得government procurement政府机构的大量采购

4.转换法 名词—动词 形容词—名词 名词—形容词 动词—名词 形容词—动词 副词—动词 形容词—副词 介词—动词 (1)译成动词 ①名词—动词

E.g.1. The airline has been in operation for many years.这家航空公司已经经营了许多年了。

2. For 20 years we were passive witness to the deterioration of prices of our raw material and an

excessive increase of the prices of manufactured goods.

二十年以来,我们坐视我们原材料价格的下跌以及制成品的价格暴涨。

3.John has always been a disciple of balance diet.约翰一直坚信,食物搭配要营养均衡。 ②带有感情色彩的形容词—动词

sure, doubtful, able, thankful, certain, confident, careful, angry, afraid, ignorant, aware, anxious, sorry, delighted, glad, accurate,

e.g. I‟m absolutely sure of his honesty.我绝对肯定他是诚实的。 ③介词—动词

对于,关于,为了,因为,根据,按照,把,被,于,在,经过,到,沿,过,给,替,问,依,趁,同,跟,用,拿,对,比,应,靠,往,去,当,上,下,随,朝,为等 e.g.1. Apart from the cost, the hat doesn‟t suit me.撇开价格不谈,这顶帽子也不适合我。 2. Machine parts of irregular shape can be washed very clean by ultrasonic. (超声波) 利用超声波能把形状不规则的机件洗得很干净。

3. and that this nation, under God, shall have new birth of freedom, and that government of the

people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth.

我们这个国家在上帝的保佑下,要争得自由的新生,这个民有、民治、民享的政府一定

要永远在地球上存在下去。

ATM (Automated Teller Machine)自动取款机 (2) 译成名词 ① 动词—名词

e.g. Formality has always characterized their relationship. 他们之间的关系,有一个特点,就是以礼相待。 ② 形容词—名词

e.g. Crying is considered to be characteristic of women. 人们认为爱哭是女人的特点。 (3) 译成形容词 ① 副词—形容词 ② 名词—形容词

e.g.1. This waveguide tube is chiefly characterized by its simplicity of structure. 波导管主要的特点是结构简单。

2. Independent thinking is an absolute necessity in study.独立思考对学习是绝对必需的。 3. It demonstrated the brilliance of ancient Chinese culture.它显示了灿烂的中国古代文化。 (4) 译成副词 ① 形容词—副词

e.g. Transistors are fairly recent development.晶体管是最近才发展起来的。 ② 名词—副词

e.g. We find difficulty in raising a great number of funds when the government executes the tight

money policy.当政府实行紧缩性货币政策时,我们觉得难以筹集大量资金。 ....

Practice:

1. Rockets have found application for the exploration of the universe.

火箭用来探索宇宙

2. Digital computers are essentially machines for recording numbers, operating with numbers

and giving the result in numerical form.

数字计算机本质上说是数字记录、数字运算、并给出数字结果的机器。 3. Man is becoming fully aware of the importance of safeguarding environment.

人类正在意识到保护环境的重要性

4. A developing country with an impressive develop plan requires large imports of capital

goods, technology, raw materials and other inputs and consumer goods to carry out the plan effectively.具有一个宏伟发展计划的发展中国家,为了有效实施这一发展计划,可能需要大量进口资本货物、技术、原材料、其他产品以及消费。 5. Robots have found application for exploration of the outer space.

机器人用来探索外太空。

6. This is compelling evidence that market liberalization is compatible with a wild range/array

of economic, social and political preferences.

这强有力地证明了市场自由化与广泛的经济、社会、政治倾向相融合。

7. This store features round-the-clock.这家商店的特点是24小时营业。

8. The Internet is different from traditional media in that it sends and receives information

faster.因特网与传统的媒体的区别在于它传送和接收信息的速度更快。 9. We found difficulty in solving this complicated problem.

我们觉得难以解决这道复杂的问题。

10. Sorry, you dialed the wrong number.对不起,您拨错号码了。 11. Our country is still backward economically.我国的经济仍然落后。

12. The Fed‟s main concern has been the possible inflationary impact of higher energy costs

should businesses start passing on higher costs to consumers. Signs so far indicate that manufactures have been largely absorbing the price increase.

美联储主要担心的是,假如企业开始将上升的成本转嫁给消费者,则能源成本的上升可能对通货膨胀造成影响。迄今为止的迹象表明制造商已经基本消化了价格的上涨。

5. 次序调整法

定语位置、状语位置有同有异 定语位置调整

(1)单词作定语(通常放在所修饰的名词前) ① something important(后置定语) ② 两个或两个以上形容词

范围从小到大,次要到重要,程度由弱到强

e.g.1. a little ,yellow, ragged beggar一个要饭的,身材矮小,面黄肌瘦,衣着褴褛 2. The economy is in an inflationary spiral.螺旋式的通货膨胀 (2)短语作定语

①their attempt ( to cross the river )他们过江的企图 ②the decimal system of counting十进制的计算法 ③ a fall in interest rates利率下跌 状语位置调整 (1)单词作状语

e.g.1. He was very active in class.他在课上很活跃。

2. Modern science and technology are developing rapidly.现代科技正飞速发展。

(表示程度的状语前置,也可后置)

3. He is running fast enough. (后置) 他跑得够快的了。(前置) (2)短语作状语

英语短语放在修饰动词之前或之后,汉语通常是在前面。 E.g.1.Seeing this, some of us become very worried.

2.A jeep full sped fast, drenching me in spray.坐满人的吉普车跑得飞快,溅了我一身水。

时间、地点状语的表达中

在英语中,先地点,后时间(排列顺序从小到大) 在汉语中,先时间,后地点

e.g. He was born in Beijing on May 20th,1970.他于1970年5月20日在北京出生。

词义的引申

根据(上下文和逻辑关系)加以引申 结合语境和目的语的表达习惯 对原词进行语义上的调整

注意:立足于词汇的基本意义,语境,目的语的表达习惯。

引申:逻辑引申、语用、修辞性、概念范围的调整 <运用引申的手段达到雅的程度>

引申的方法 (1)抽象化引申

e.g. Every life has its roses and thorns.每个人的生活有苦有甜/生活有酸甜苦辣。 (2)具体化引申

e.g. The administration was free from corruption.这届政府没有腐败现象。 (3)内涵化引申

e.g. Year after year and century after century , the moon goes through its cycles of changes. 月亮的盈亏变化一年有一年,一个世纪又一个世纪周而复始。 第四章 句子翻译

从句 被动语态 长句 否定句

英语句子中主语的翻译

英语:主语突出(物称主语) 汉语:主题突出(人称主语) 两种语言对译时,需要转换主语

英语宜将英语的物称主语根据上下文变通为汉语的人称主语,或转译成汉语句子的其他成分,如状语、谓语、宾语

E.g.1.In country after country, talk of non-smoker‟s right is in the air.

在各个国家,人们纷纷谈论不吸烟者的权利。

2. Informed guesswork suggests that major tax changes are being considered by the Treasury

Department.消息灵通人士猜测财政部正考虑对税收做重大改革。

3. The secrets of air travel had escaped the genius of the world„s greatest scholars for thousand of

years.数千年来,世界上最伟大的天才科学家也未能发现空中飞行的奥秘。 (英语主语译作汉语的宾语) 4. Mechanical energy can be changed into electrical energy by means of a generator.

利用发电机可以把机械能转化成电能。(汉语中无主语现象)

5. Worry about the possibility of less severe; but still debilitating, recessions persisted, however. 然而,人们仍然担心会出现虽不那么严重但能使经济疲软的衰退期。(增加主语) 6. Shortage of suitable land in the urban areas has made it necessary to build most new public housing in the suburbs.

由于城区缺乏合适的土地,大部分的公共住房必须在郊区兴建。(原因问题) Exercise

1. An automobile must have a brake with efficiency. 刹车系统必须十分有效。

2. High-quality machines of various types are produced in our country. 我国生产各种型号的优质机器。

3. Lenovo yesterday put forward further proof that it is making a success of its 2005 purchase

of IBM‟s PC unit as it reported a sharp increase in quarterly profits and sales. 我国电脑制造商联想昨日表示,公司上一财季利润和销售均大幅增长。这进一步证明,该公司2005年对IBM个人电脑业务的收购正取得成功。

英语从句的翻译 英语 是重结构的语言 法治 西洋语 ...汉语 是重语义的语言 人治 ...

英语多从句 汉语多分句

英语句子中的从句往往译成汉语句子的一些分句。 分类:

形容词性从句(定语从句)Attribute Clause 名词性从句 状语从句

形容词性从句 定语从句

汉语 修饰名词的成分置于名词之前 英语 修饰名词的成分置于名词之后 限制性定语从句 非限制性定语从句

翻译方法

1. 合译与分译法

2. 前置法、独立句、状语从句

3. 前置法、独立句、融合法、状译法

合译法与分译法 合译法(前置法)

1. 当一个限制性定语从句的结构和意义较为简单,把定语从句放在被修饰词语之前

2. 在定语从句和被修饰名词关系密切时,those who//such as 译成带“的”字的定语词组。 3. There be 采用融合法

把主句和定语从句融合成一个简单句,定语从句译成谓语一般用于限定性定语从句,尤其是there be句型。

e.g.1. Those of us who have ability to do this job will be sent to carry out the task. 我们当中那些有能力做事的人将都被派去执行这项任务。

2. It was found that a country benefits more by producing goods it can make most cheaply and

buying those goods that other countries can make at lower cost than by producing everything it needs within its own borer.

人们发现,一个国家只生产成本耗费最低的产品,从而从其他国家购买他们用较低成本

生产的产品,这比在国内生产自己所需要的一切产品要划算。

3. All is not gold that glitters.发光的并不都是金子。 分译法

译成并列分句或独立句

当限定性定语从句结构复杂,意义繁杂时,把定语从句单独翻译出来,使长句断开变成并列句放在原先修饰的词后面。(后置法)

有些定语从句不仅仅起到定语修饰的作用,而在逻辑上与主句有状语关系,表原因、让步、转折等,可翻译成状语从句。(这部分内容可单独成句)状译法

e.g.1.Days and nights are very long on the moon, where one day is as long as two weeks on the earth.

在月球上,白天和黑夜都相当长,月球上的一天等于地球上的两周。 2. He is collecting authentic material that proves his argument. 他正在收集确凿的材料以证明他的论点。 Exercise:

1.The increase in cocoa production which spanned the past ten years has brought wealth to these countries.最近十年来,可可的产量增长给这个国家带来了财富。 2.Certainly, the way they settle the problem is correct. 当然,他们解决此问题的办法正确。

3.There are many people who are interested in the new invention. 很多人对这项新发明感兴趣。

4.Electronic computers, which have many advantages, cannot do everything instead of men. 电子计算机有许多优势,但不能代替人们做一切事情。

5.Anyone who stops absorbing new knowledge is certain to lag behind. 任何人如果停止吸收新知识一定会落后。

6. We now live in a very new economy, a service economy, where relationships are becoming more

important than physical products.

我们现在处于一个全新的经济时代,即服务经济时代,在这个时代,各种关系比物质产品更为重要。

名词性从句的翻译(07.11)

一.主语从句:以that/what/where/who/whatever为引导词, 1. 主语从句可以译成“的”结构

(1) Whoever breaks the laws will be punished.凡是违反法律的人都将受到制裁。

(2) It is important that science and technology should be pushed forward as quickly as possible.

重要的是,尽可能快地把科技搞上去。

(3) What has happened is no surprise to us.发生的事情对我们来说不足为奇。 2. 可以翻译成主谓宾(从句本身作句子的主语)

e.g. Whether the government should increase the financing of pure science at the expense of

technology or vise versa often depends on the issue of which is seen as the driving force.

政府究竟是以牺牲对技术经费的投入来增加对纯理论科学的经费投入,还是相反,这往

往取决于把哪一方看作是驱动的力量。 3. 分译法(译成并列句,独立句,状译法)

原先主语从句从整体结构中分离出来,译成另一个相对独立的单句。 e.g. It has been rightly stated that this situation is a threat to international security.

这种局势对国际安全是威胁,这种说法完全正确。 二.宾语从句:that/what/how/where 顺译法

e.g. We wish to inform you that we specialized in the export of Chinese textile and shall be glad to

enter into business relations with you on the basis of mutual benefit.我们公司专门办理中国纺织品出口业务,并愿在平等互利的基础上同贵公司建立业务关系。 三.表语从句

顺依法、逆译法:

e.g.(1)My point is that the frequent complaint of one generation about the one immediately

following it is inevitable.我的观点是一代人经常抱怨下一代人是不可避免的。

(2)Water and food is what the people in the area are badly needed.

该地区的人们最需要的是食物和水。

四.同位语 1.译成定语

e.g. Just now he heard the news that their team had won..他刚听说了他们对获胜的消息。 2.译成宾语

e.g. [Have you any idea] why this lot of goods were shipped in less than six days.[do you know] 你知道这批货为什么不到6天就装运完毕了? 3.译成同位语

e.g. I‟ll pay you the whole debt: what I originally borrowed and what I owe you in interest. 我将偿还我全部的债务:原来所有借款及应付利息。 4. 加词译: 即,以为或加冒号、破折号分开处理。

状语从句的翻译 1. 原文顺序

(1) If we can‟t do as we would to lodge a claim, we must do as we can. 如果在索赔方面我们不能如愿以偿,也应当尽力而为。 (2) Since you don‟t want to adjust the price, let us leave it at that.

既然,你不想…,就只好让它这样算了。 2. 把末尾的从句放在句首(逆译)

(1) You must send some samples to the customer before you go abroad.

在你出国前,务必给客户带些样品。

(2) Please wait here for a moment until the manager comes back.

经理马上就来,请在此等候。 3. 分开译(有时可以译成并列句

(1) Electricity is such an important energy that modern industry couldn‟t develop without it.

电是一种如此重要的能源。没有它,现代工业不能发展。 Exercises:

1. Suppose the price is changed, what shall we do?我们怎么办?

2. The price will become higher as time goes.随着时间的推移,价格将越来越高。 3. Since last seeing you, I have been writing a market report.

上次看到你后,我一直在写市场报告。

4. Tell us how you fulfilled the heavy task ahead of schedule.

告诉我们,你们是如何提前完成这项艰巨的任务

5. He told me the news: namely the number of participants at the fair rose to 30,000.

他告诉我这个消息:交易会的参加人数上到30000人。 被动语态的翻译(12.3)

1.应用领域(Application of fields) 科技,公文,新闻,论述

科技:强调客观准确,力戒作者的主观臆断 新闻:注重客观和间接

公文:叙述公正无私,口气正式 2.英汉被动式的比较:

英语常用结构上的被动式,少用意义上的被动式 汉语与之相反

e.g.古汉语(为…所,为…)

汉语的“被字句”被称为“不幸语态” 被选为…/被评为…+ (good)现代汉语 3.被动语态的形式

英语:主语(受施者) +be/become/get + p.p 汉语:靠虚词来表示 汉语的被动语态:

(3) 人是动作的受施者,往往用被动表示 (4) 动物是动作的作用对象

无生物和事件作为动作的作用对象(无需用被动)

实际的翻译:

1. 译成汉语的主动句(隐含被动意义)

e.g.(1)This work must be finished before Christmas.

(2)Dispute may be submitted for arbitration in case no settlement can be reached through

negotiation between both parties.如果争执双方通过谈判未能达成协议,可以提交仲裁 (3)As most countries are vigorously promoting exports and also because of the tremendous growth of multinational corporations, the international market, in most instances, is characterized by intense competition on an extensive scale(大规模)

由于大多数国家正积极地促进出口,并且跨国公司正在以惊人的速度增长,国际市场多以大规模的激烈竞争为特点 2. 谓语动词译成宾语

e.g. The production has been greatly increased. 产量已经有了很大的提高。 3. 主语译成宾语(被动语态的主语)

e.g. These computers would be very large and bulky if vacuum tubes were used. 如果使用真空管,这些计算机就会又大又笨。 4. 不定式人称句的翻译

e.g. Marketing is seen as the task of finding and stimulating buyers for the firm‟s output. (产品) 人们认为市场营销就是为了某个公司的产品来寻找买主,并鼓励购买 Useful expressions:

(5) It‟s asserted/believe that 人们主张/认为…

(6) It is generally considered/ agreed that…大家(人们)普遍认为/一般人认为 (7) It is well-known that…众所周知

(8) It will be said有人会说/ It was told that…有人曾经说… 5. 无人称句的翻译

e.g. Four major stages in the product life cycle have been identified: introduction,growth,maturity

and decline.已经确认,产品的生命周期可以划分为四个主要阶段:引进市场阶段、成长阶段、成熟阶段和衰退阶段。 Useful expressions:

(2) It is hoped that…希望

(3) It is reported/ said /supposed that…that…举报道/据说/就推测 (4) It must be admitted/ pointed out that…必须指出 (5) It will be seen from this that…由此可见…

(6) It may be said without fear of exaggeration that…可以毫不夸张地说… 6. 用“被”等词提示行为的主题,译成汉语的被动语态

由,受,所,给,用,让,得(dei),加以,予以,为…所,是…的,…的是…,所…的,靠,搞,会,为,将其,据,通过,经过,根据,得到,获得,可,供,使…遭到 (1) The shipping date is expected to be announced soon.装船日期预计不久将会公布。 (2) The trade delegation was given a hearty welcome.该代表团受到了热烈的欢迎。 (3) This idea was put forward by the manager.这个意见是那位经理提出来的。

(4) The financial information provided by an accounting system is needed by managerial decision

makers to help them plan and control the activities of the economic entity.

会计系统提供得的金融信息对与帮助管理层决策人员制订计划和控制该经济实体的活动而言是不可或缺的。 Exercise:

1. Your prompt payment of the goods we sent last month will be appreciated.

贵方如能立即支付上月我方发运货物之款项,我方将不胜感激。

2. Most of the questions will be settled satisfactorily, but only a few questions of secondary

importance still remain to be discussed.

大部分问题都将圆满解决,只剩下几个次要问题需要讨论。

3. I was supposed to know something about market.有人建议我了解一下市场。 4. Evidently some mistake was made and the goods have been wrongly delivered. 显然是出了差错,错发货了。

5. If a letter of credit is not used by the beneficiary, it may be returned to the applicant for

cancellation.如果受益人没有使用信用证,可以将其还给开证人去注销。

长句的翻译(12.10)

1.长句:修饰语太多,并列成分太多,语言结构层次多 2.长句的分析:

(1) 找出全句的主语,谓语和宾语,从整体把握。

(2) 所有谓语结构、非谓语结构、介词短语、从句引导词

(3) 分析从句和短语的功能.(若是状语,表示时间、原因、结果、条件等)

(4) 分析词、短语和从句之间的相互关系(定从修饰词、先行词) (5) 注意插入语等其他成分 (6) 分析固定短语或固定搭配

英语习惯于长句表达比较复杂的概念 汉语用若干短句

将英语长句分解,按照汉语的表达习惯翻译,注意逻辑顺序。 3.长句的翻译方法 (1) 顺序法P110 (2) 逆序法P112 (3) 分句法:英语长句中的主语或主句与修饰词的关系并不十分密切,需分开叙述。注意语意连

接,可考虑增词。

E.g. If you can increase your order to 200 dozen, we may consider allowing you 3% commission, but this does not imply that we would give such a commission.

贵方如能将订购量增加到200打,本公司可以考虑给予贵方佣金。但这并不意味着分批订购的总数200打的也有3%的佣金 (4) 综合法

e.g. Children will play with dolls equipped with personality chips, computers with in-built

personalities will be regarded as workmates rather than tools relaxation will be in front of smell television, and digital age will have arrived.

儿童将与装有个性芯片的玩具娃娃玩耍,具有个性内置的计算机将被视为工作伙伴而不是工具。人们将在气味电视机前休闲,这时数字时代就要来临了。 Exercise:

1. Thank you very much for your offer of July7th, which we think moderate under the present

market condition and we wish to place trial order with you ( for the goods)

2. Economists cannot predict with any great degree of accuracy just when an upturn or a

downturn will occur, but a study of such cycles does show that business activity tends to follow some kind of wavelike pattern and is not merely an assortment of random moves

英语否定句的翻译(12.17) 前缀(prefix)

a-, an-, anti-, de-, dis-, dif-, ig-, il-, im-, ir-, mis-, non-, counter-, un-, contra-, 后缀(suffix) -less 译成”不”

illogical不合逻辑的,non-confidence不信任,unimportant不重要的,ignore不顾,不理 译成“非”

immaterial非物质的,non-metal非金属的 译成“无”

fruitless无结果的,immaterial无形的,anhydrate无水的,脱水的,disorder无秩序 译成“反”

anti-disturbance反干扰,counter-act反抗,counter-offensive反攻,negative 译成“未”

uninjured 未受损害的,unfinished未完成的 译成“错”

misprint印刷错误,misbelieve勿信 暗含否定句的词或词组:

fail(没有,未能) beyond(在…之外) vainly(无回报的) far from(远非) free from(没有) rather than, short of(缺少)

各种否定句的翻译 1.一般否定 no, not

e.g. The buyer doesn‟t like the style.顾客不喜欢这种款式。 2.特指否定动词以外其他成分

e.g. (1)Your loss is nothing to mine.你的损失与我方相比算不了什么 (否定表语) (2)We felt sorry for not shipping he goods on time.(否定介词宾语)准时装货 3.否定转移

e.g. No one can tell the grounds for your high offer.真不知道对方报价高的理由是什么。 4.部分否定all,both,always,every,not

e.g.(1) The good and expensive doesn‟t go together.好和贵不一定总是相连的。 (2)All is not my customers who sit there.坐在那儿的并非都是我的客户。 5.全部否定

E.g.1. Everybody talks about the market but nobody does anything about it. 每个人都在谈论市场,但面对市场 无能为力。

2. Neither rice or wheat is available for supply.大米和小麦都无货可供。 3. None of his customers will come to the fair.他的客户都没参加交易会。 6.双重否定

E.g.1.They can not but admit that our requirement is reasonable. 2. We „ve bought your products—not without risk and danger.

我方已买了贵方产品,那不是没有风险的。 7.半否定

(1)Now few or no people still believe he is a good agent.现在几乎没有人相信他是一个好代理商。 (2)She seldom or never canceled a contract.她很少或根本没有撤过约。

第五章 语篇与翻译 商务英语类语篇分类:

商务信函Business Correspondence 会议纪要Synopsis of Minutes 合同Contract 通知Notice 广告Commercials 说明书Specification 备忘录Memorandum 相关单据与表格 Bills and Forms

Exercise:

counter-offer/ counter-suggestion反还盘 clearance sale清仓削价销售 irrevocable L/C surcharges附加费 FOB离岸价格 insurance policy保险单 C.B.D付现提货 QC质量管理

property in goods货权 documentary clean credit无跟单信用证 property of goods货物属性 instrument of pledge抵押契据 appearance surface外表 instrument of ratification批准证书 surface appearance表面状况 instrument of acquisition购置凭证 straight B/L记名提单 instrument of credit control信用证管制手段 direct B/L直达提单

商务合同的翻译(12.29) 合同的种类:

买卖合同(Sales Contract)

委托合同(Consignment Contract) 租赁合同(Lease Contract)

雇佣合同(Employment Contract) 存储合同(Storage Contract) 代理合同(Agency Contract) 合同的主要结构:

1. 约首(Preamble)

订约日期(date of signing) 订约地点 Signed at…

订约双方(signing parties)

双方合法依据(each party‟s authority) 订约缘由(recitals of “whereas” clause) 2. 正文(Body)

定义条款(Definition Clause) 基本条款(Basic)

一般条款(General terms and conditions) 合同有效期限(duration of contract) 合同的终止(termination of contract) 合同的让与(assignment of contract) 仲裁(Arbitration)

适用的法律(governing law) 诉讼管辖(jurisdiction) 通知手续(notice)

合同的修改(amendment of contract) 其他条款(others)

3. 约尾(Witness/ Final Clause)

合同的份数、使用和文字效力(copies of the contract, languages used and their effectiveness) 盖章(Seal)

合同的语言特点: 1. 正式

2. 古英语、外来语 herein因此

hereafter ( after this time)今后 hereby (by means of )特此 thereinafter/hereinafter 以下 3. 词语并列结构 and ,or

under or in accordance with the contract(合同项下或按照合同) signed and delivered(签署并寄出) 成对同义词结构

In the course of interpreting or constructing the contract… 在解释合同的过程中, Null and void无效(adj.) furnish and provide提供 4. 常用Shall来加强语气

e.g. This contract shall become effective upon and from the date on which it is signed. 本合同应于签字之日起开始生效。(自…之日起) 5. 特殊用语的使用

whereas 鉴于

e.g. Whereas the contractor is desirous to provide the manpower for the works,… 鉴于承包者想为此工程提供劳动力。 now, therefore特此

in witness whereof作为…的依据

e.g. Now, therefore, it is hereby agreed and understood as follows.协议和谅解如下

Now these presents witness that it is hereby agreed between the parities hereto as follows. 以兹特立约为据,并由双方协议如下: Hereinafter referred to as 以下简称 be equally authentic具有同等效力 6. 句式结构复杂

e.g. In the event the Buyer does not furnish the Seller with shipping instructions on or before Aug.17th,2006, the Seller may at his option cancel this contract and demand the Buyer to pay any damages she failure of the Buyer to give such instructions.

如若买方在2006年8月17日或在此之前未向卖方发出装运通知,则卖方可自行决定取消本合同,并要求买方赔偿因未发出装船通知而使其蒙受的一切损失。

广告(Advertisement) Memory value记忆价值 Selling power促销能力 1. Good to the Last Drop. 2. Can‟t Beat the Feeling.

3. When Coca Cola is a Part of Your Life. You can‟t Beat the Feeling. 4. Can‟t Beat the Real Thing

5. Dell: the original and still the best独创最佳 6. Let‟s make things better.让我们做得更好。

7. There „s never a better time.从未有过的好时代。 8. 4ord costs 5ive% le$$ (Ford) 新意、创新

Ford为您省下5% 9. Ezyrub易擦鞋油

10. Hi-Fi, Hi-Fun, Hi-Fashion, only from Sony.高度保真,高级趣味,高尚名流,只有来自索尼 11. A work of art艺术精品(Scotland Whiskey) 广告英语的句法特点: 一.简单句

1.Oh, I see.我看见了。OIC为商标的眼睛公司推出的广告

The label of achievement功成名就的标志 二.疑问句

1. Are you going grey too early? 你的乌发是否过早地白了? 2. Have you driven a Ford lately? 你最近开过福特吗? 三.祈使句

1.Catch that Pepsi spirit. Drink it in. 喝百事,感受百事精神。 2.Get the feeling身临其境 广告英语的修辞特点: 1. 反复(repetition)

e.g. Johnson‟ s Extra care body Wash & lotion. Extra relief for extra dry skin. 强生特效沐浴乳,给特别干燥的肌肤特别滋润 2. 拟人(personification)

e.g. A red tie does not have to shout “look at me”.红领带无须喊“看我”。 3. 双关(pun)

e.g. From sharp minds, come sharp product夏普产品,来自智慧的结晶 4. 比喻(figure of speech) e.g. the born leader天生的领导 5. 押韵(rhyme)

E.g.(1)My goodness! My Guinness!

Guinness 黑啤酒Guinness World Record吉尼斯世界纪录

(2)Have a heart. Play a part. A warm starts to a healthy heart.有心,出力,“好心”来接力

(The British Funds for Cardiac Care)心脏的 6. 对比(contrast)

e.g. Old product, New design.老产品,新设计

翻译的注意事项:

1. 深入了解所译广告的内涵、商品特征 2. 了解广告受众国文化传统、消费心理 3. 熟悉广告英语的常见风格 4. 注重创新

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