1、这两本书都不是英国出版的。误:Both of the book sare not published in England.正:Neither of the book sis published in England.我不同意所有这些方案。误:I don't agree to all these projects.正:I agree to none of the projects.或:I don't agree to any of the projects.英语中的概括词all,every,both,以及与every构成的合成词,用语否定句式时,只表示部分否定,常译成“并非……都”,因此两个错误译句的含义分别为:并非两本书都是英国出版的,并非所有这些方案我都同意。要表达全部否定意义时,英语须用全否定词语,如none,neither,no,nobody,nothing,not…any,not…either等。
2、这台车床不能再用了,那台也一样。误:This lathe can not beused any longer, and that one can't, too.正:This lathe can not beused any longer, and that one can't either.或:This lathe can not beused any longer, neither (nor) can that one.否定句中的“也”不能译成too,而须用either,或用neither(nor)的倒装句型。
3、这些规章制度多不完善!误:How not perfect the rules and regulations are!正:How imperfect the rules and regulations are!汉语中的感叹句可用否定式,如:多不光彩呀!多不容易呀!而英语中的感叹句不能用否定式,我们可用反义词或带有否定词缀的词来表示。
4、他的设计肯定还没完成。误:He mustn't have completed his design.正:He can't have completed his design.对比较有把握的推测,肯定句中用must,而否定句中用can't,对过去的推测,在must和can't后接完成形式。
5、你不必为你的军衔和薪金担心。误:You won't have to worry abou trank and pay.正:You won't have to worry about rank or pay.在肯定句中用and来连接两个并列成分,表示“和”,但在否定句中and应改为or,这时否定词对or的前后部分同时加以否定。
6、未经允许,任何人不得入内。误:Anybody can not come in without permission.正:Nobody can come in without permission.“任何……不”是汉语中常用的否定句式,而在英语中与any构成的合成词或被any修饰的词语作主语时,谓语动词不能用否定式,因此any…not的表达形式不符合英语的习惯。翻译这类句子时须用“否定形式的主语+肯定形式的谓语”。但当any的合成词或any所修饰的词带有后置定语时,谓语可以用否定式,如:干那种事的'人都是不诚实的。Anyone who does that isn't honest.
7、听到这个消息后,没有一个人不感到兴奋。误:Having heard the news, nobody did not feel excited.正:Having heard the news, everybody felt excited.汉语中常用“没有+主语+不+谓语”这一双重否定的结构,而英语中否定形式的主语习惯上不能与否定形式的谓语连用。因此nobody…not的结构不符合语的表达习惯。翻译这类句子时,(1)可把主语和谓语都改成肯定形式;(2)也可用另一结构的双重否定式:there be+否定的主语+否定形式的定语从句,如:There was nobody who did not feel excited.或:There was nobody but felt excited.
8、我认为这不值得一试。误:Ithink this is not worthtrying.正:I don't think this is worth trying.英语中表臆想、猜测的动词think,believe,fancy,expect,guess,imagine,suppose等,如果带有否定的宾语从句,宾语从句中的否定词通常提前,用来否定主句的谓语动词。尤其是think,按习惯用法,否定词只能置于think前。
9、他来这儿不是为了求得我们的帮助。误:He came here not to ask us for help.正:He did not come here to ask us for help.否定状语时,英语中的否定词一般不直接置于被否定词语前,通常置于谓语动词前。只有当两个部分加以对比时,即“不是……而是”时,否定词才可直接置于状语前。如:他来这儿不是为了求得我们的帮助,而是来给我们提供一些信息。He came here not to ask us for help, but to give us some information.即使在这一结构中,英语还是常把否定词置于谓语动词前。
综上,只要各位同学在考场上细心做题,反复检查,把不该犯的错误改正,相信各位同学都会在学位英语考试中取得好成绩!
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